¿Por qué se pierden los primeros molares permanentes? Estudio transversal en una muestra de adultos mexicanos
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Objetivo: Analizar las causas de extracción de los primeros molares permanentes (PMP) en una muestra de adultos mexicanos que fueron atendidos en clínicas universitarias. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó a 98 pacientes (103 extracciones) atendidos consecutivamente en las clínicas odontológicas de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Se recogieron variables como edad, sexo, escolaridad, comorbilidades, tabaquismo y el principal motivo de extracción de los PMP (caries, enfermedad periodontal, fracaso endodóntico, entre otros), como nuestra variable dependiente. Los datos se recolectaron mediante cuestionarios estandarizados y exámenes clínicos realizados por estudiantes. El análisis estadístico incluyó pruebas de Chi cuadrado y Kruskal-Wallis en Stata 14. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 43,94 ± 16,52 años, con mayor porcentaje del sexo femenino (63,1 %). El 76,7 % de las extracciones de los PMP se debieron a caries y sus complicaciones, seguido por enfermedad periodontal (12,6 %) y fracaso endodóntico (7,8 %). Los pacientes con extracciones por caries presentaron menor escolaridad (10,17 ± 4,08 años; p = 0,031). No hubo diferencias significativas por sexo, comorbilidades o tabaquismo (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: La caries dental fue la principal causa de pérdida de PMP, vinculada a menores niveles educativos. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de fortalecer estrategias preventivas y políticas públicas que aborden los determinantes sociales de la salud bucal en poblaciones vulnerables.
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